きょうは なんようび ですか？
先しゅうの しゅうまつ、なんを しましたか？
Went to....
Did Homework
Studied
Studied at....
Ate dinner at a Restuarant
Watched....a Movie? TV (テレビ)
Review: Ko/So/A/Do
Using これ それ あれ どれ？
This Thing
That Thing
That Thing Over There
Which Thing? どれ
これは じしょ です
それは ざっし です
あれは テレビ です
Also,
ここ、そこ、あそこ、どこ？
This Place, That Place, That Place Over There, Where? e.g.
Let's Review the pattern "Asking for and Giving Locations using":
X は どこに ありますか = Where is X?
Where is the library?
としょかんは＿＿＿＿＿＿＿？
It is there.
It is over there.
It is here.
Post Office ゆうびんきょく
Where is the Post Office?
It is over there, etc.
Where is the
あかい じしょ
ざっし
カメラ
しんぶん(newspaper)
オレンジ
CD
スパゲッティ
そば
いぬ
ねこ
くろい でんわ
あかい じしょ
けしゴム
あおい ペン
There is also the other Pattern (Grammar IV),
"In some Location に
X が ありますか = Is there an X?"
ここ に = Here, or In This Place X が ありますか？
Is there an_____ in this place/location?
OR
きょうしつ に = In the Classroom
X が ありますか？
In the classroom, is there an X?
This is a はい／いいえ Question
The follow up question might be
どこに ありますか = Where is it?
Again, we can use our classroom objects:
きょうしつに X が ありますか？
In the classroom, Is there a _______?
あかい じしょ
ざっし
カメラ
しんぶん(newspaper)
オレンジ
CD
スパゲッティ
そば
いぬ
ねこ
くろい でんわ
あかい じしょ
けしゴム
あおい ペン
Also, we have this pattern:
X は どこに ありますか = Where is X?
Next Grammar Point
Grammar III: ADJECTIVES (p. 146)
"Describing People and Things using ADJ + Noun....and Understanding the Polite Present form of Adjectives"
Adjectives are words that DESCRIBE something or someone, e.g.,
large, small, new, old, red, blue, white, etc.
In Japanese, as in English, the Adjective can come BEFORE the Noun such as,
-- the old building ふるい たてもの
-- the red pen あかい ペン
Or, they can follow the Noun:
ペン は あかい です
The pen IS red
The Dorm is an Old Building
りょう は ふるい たてもの です
(As for the Dorm, it is an Old Building)
Back to ADJ before the Noun:
--the large house 大きい うち
--the small school ちいさい 学校
--the new hospital
--the old supermarket
And, again, AFTER the Noun:
--the house is large うちは 大きい です
--the school is small 学校は ちいさい です
--the hospital is new びょういん は あたらしい です
--the supermarket is old スーパー は ふるい です
Some Practice - see Textbook p. 149 Activity 1:
わたしの りょうは＿＿＿__たてもの です
My Dorm is a ____(Adj) Building
Insert "Old"
In Japanese, there are two main types of Adjectives:
I. い-Adjectives end in い combined with "a, i, u, and "o" sounds BUT, notice, NOT with the "e" + い sound combination, so words like
きれい、and ゆうめい are not い-Adjectives.
There are two identifying characteristics of い-Adjectives:
1. い-Adjectives are inflecting words, that is, they can change. They are "malleable."
Also, when they appear right before nouns, nothing is required in between the い-Adjective and the Noun such as a の when we join two nouns.
わたしの 先生
先生のペン
But with い-Adjectives, they can be directly attached or "affixed" to the Noun:
大きい 大学、
ちいさい 学校、
ふるい かばん、
あたらしい ペン
たかい たてもの
とても いい 先生
When we have one Noun linked to another like 先生and ペン, we must have something in between these two nouns, because Nouns are "hard," uninflecting words. e.g., 先生 and ペン.
You cannot change a Noun (or a na (な) adjective); they are NOT malleable.
So, what is that something that goes between two Nouns?
You know it! We saw it above: it is a の.
(See Ch. 2, Note III, pp. 53-54)
But with い-Adjectives we do not need ANYTHING between the final い and the Noun. They are flexible and "soft."
That is why い-Adjectives are so cool!
2. い-Adjectives can also inflect or change into the negative form. How?
The rule is, drop the final い, replace it with a く, and then + add
the NEGATIVE FORM ありません or ない です:
大きいーーー＞大きく ありません／ないです = Not large
ふるいーーー＞ふるく ありません／ないです = Not old
あたらしいーーー＞あたらしく ありません／ないです
たかい ーーー＞たかく ありません／ないです
**Note a Variation: for いい we use a variant よい
いい--->よいーーーよく ありません
So, taking よい, we still Drop the Final い, replace with く+ and then add the ありません or ない です
Please remember! Just inflecting the Adjective into the く form is NOT the negative yet. You need to add the ありません or ないです to complete the negation.
II. な-Adjectives are the second type of Adjective. They are Nominal Adjectivals or Noun Adjectives which means that they adjectival in their meaning and function: they modify/describe a situation or a noun.
But, unlike い-Adjectives, they DO NOT inflect. So grammatically, they are not really "pure" adjectives. Think of them as Hybrids, a Noun-Adjective Combo!
1. But, because they do not inflect, between な-Adjectives and a noun we DO need to have something.
Between Noun 1 + Noun 2 = we use の
わたし の うち= my house
大学 の 先生 = the professor of the university
先生 の ペン = Sensei's pen
うえださん の じゅぎょう = Ueda-san's class
But with な-Adjectives since we are not linking 2 Nouns, we use な instead of の.
Think of it as maybe a "compromise": we can't use の and we can't have nothing there, so it's な by default.
So, we have:
きれい な 大学 = a pretty university
りっぱ な 学校 = a splendid or magnificent school
ゆうめい な 先生 = a famous professor
Possibly you could think of な as a special form, a variant of の reserved for these Hybrid Nominal Adjectivals.
Which is why we call them な-Adjectives.
2.When な-Adjectives go into the negative form, we cannot use the く+ ありません Negative form because we cannot inflect these Nominal Adjectivals with a くlike we do with い-Adjectives.
な-Adjectives are "hard" or rigid, inflexible words; they are, in fact, Nouns; as such, they cannot be "inflected" or altered.
So we must go with the same way we negate a Noun like
"Not a Sensei" = 先生 じゃ ありません
So, な-Adjectives =
りっぱ じゃ ありません = It's not "rippa."
きれい じゃ ありません
ゆうめい じゃ ありません
We learned how to say that something is NOT SO or NOT THE CASE by saying そう じゃ ありません; but in this case the そう, though an Adverb, is just like Noun so we are negating the そう which means "in that way or manner"
by adding + じゃ ありません to it
just as we would to negate any Noun = which by definition is an uninflecting word.
Students sometimes think that the whole phrase is the way to negate something so they want to add そう じゃ ありません to an Adjective in the い or く-form、but that does not work either.
You cannot say
ふるく ＋ そう じゃ ありません.
The point is, you don't have to because you just inflect the い-Adjectives to its く-form and add the negation.
ふるく ありません = not old
But な-Adjectives being Nouns, you cannot do anything to them as words. Nouns are nouns; they are what they are. No modifications accepted, thank you very much!
We negate Nouns by simply adding +
じゃ ありません or ないです to them. e.g.,
学生 じゃ ありません = Not a student
先生 じゃない です = Not a professor
うち じゃ ありません = It's not a House
それ は うち じゃ ないです = That (thing) is not a House.
アパート です = It's an Apartment
それは ペン じゃない です = That (thing) is not a pen.
えんぴつ です = It's a pencil.
So, we would negate a な-Adjective the Same Way:
りっぱ じゃ ありません = It's Not Splendid
ゆうめい じゃ ありません = It's Not Famous
きれい な うち じゃないです = It's not a pretty house
We can remember that な-Adjectives are Nominal
Adjectivals hence "Na" can become a mnemonic device.
とても is an "intensifying word" meaning "very"
so
とても いい = very good
とても 大きい = very big
あまり means "Not Very"--as we saw with the last two Adverbs of Frequency, あまり and ぜんぜん
--BUT it must be used with a negative construction:
あまり ふるく ありません = It is not very old.
あまり よく ありません = It is not very good.
あまり 大きく ありません = It is not very big
If we want to know the qualities of something, to know what kind of _____ it is, we ask the
どんな？ question =
What Kind of______is it?
どんな たてもの ですか。 たかい／きれいな
どんな 大学 ですか。 いい／ちいさい／たかい
どんな ペン ですか。 あかい／あおい／くろい
BTW, どんな comes from another Ko, So, A, Do "set"
こんな = this kind of...
そんな = that kind of....
あんな = that kind of ____over there
どんな = what kind of_____?
See Explanations and Example Sentences pp. 146-148
See p. 149 Activity 2
What kind of _____is good/Do you like?
うち (House)
どんな うち が いい ですか？
And, also, the そう of
そう じゃ ありません also comes from a a family of Ko, So, A, Do words:
こう = In this way or manner
そう = In that way
ああ = In that way (over there)
どう = In what way/manner or HOW?
どう ですか = How is it?
NOTE: どう でしたか = How was it?
To answer this question correctly, we would need to know the past form of Adjectives which is another characteristic feature of い-Adjectives:
We can inflect い-Adjectives into the Past by removing the final い and then adding
+ かった e.g.
ふる ＋ かった です = It was old.
But this inflecting of い-Adjectives into the Past comes up in L6 at the end of this semester.