Theorists of Liberalism(s)

Levellers, 1640s,

- popular urban movement

Baruch or Benedict Spinoza, 1632-77,

- Dutch lens grinder

John Locke, 1632-1704,

- English doctor and tutor

Charles Baron de Montesquieu, 1689-1755,

- French magistrate

Adam Smith, 1723-1790,

- Scottish professor and economist

Thomas Paine, 1737-1809,

- American activist

Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804,

- German professor

Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832,

- English activist

Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826,

- American President, sci, arch

James Madison, 1751-1836,

- American President

John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873,

- - English politician and activist