Focus Questions for Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”

1. “A Modest Proposal” is an ironic essay: the author deliberately writes what he does not mean. What is the real thesis? Is there more than one?

2. A clear difference exists between Swift and the persona who makes this proposal. Characterize the proposer.

3. Would it be possible to read this essay as a serious proposal?

4. Look closely at paragraphs 4, 6, and 7, and study how the appeals to logic are put in mathematical and economic terms. Underline those words and phrases.

5. When does the reader begin to realize that the essay is ironic? Before or after the actual proposal is made in paragraph 10?

6. Which groups of people are singled out as special targets for Swifts’ attack? Are the Irish presented completely as victims, or are they also to blame?

7. Does the essay merely function as a satirical attack? Does Swift ever present any serious proposals for improving conditions? If so, where?

8. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?